Bibliography

Note: Copyright

We strive to use freely accessible literature. If this is not possible, we ask you to obtain the literature via the library platform LIBER Libraries. Despite valid arguments, we advise against using platforms such as Anna’s Archive or Library Genesis.

See Karaganis (2018)

Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’21), 610–23. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.

Buolamwini, Joy. 2023. Unmasking AI: A Story of Hope and Justice in a World of Machines. First edition. New York: Random House.

Buolamwini, Joy, and Timnit Gebru. 2018. “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.” In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, 81:77–91. PMLR. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html.

Campbell, Chris. 2025. “The Historian in the Age of AI.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, December. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080440125100509.

Chen, Zhisheng. 2023. “Ethics and Discrimination in Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Recruitment Practices.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02079-x.

D’Ignazio, Catherine. 2024. Counting Feminicide: Data Feminism in Action. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14671.001.0001.

D’Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren F. Klein. 2023. Data Feminism. First MIT Press paperback edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu/.

Drage, Eleanor, and Kerry Mackereth. 2022. “Does AI Debias Recruitment? Race, Gender, and AI’s ‘Eradication of Difference’.” Philosophy & Technology 35 (4): 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00543-1.

Fickers, Andreas, and Juliane Tatarinov. 2022. “Digital Source Criticism: The Case of the Historian’s Craft in the Digital Age.” Journal of Digital History 2 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/jdh-2022-0001.

Karaganis, Joe, ed. 2018. Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11339.001.0001.

Karpathy, Andrej. 2025. Deep Dive into LLMs Like ChatGPT. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xTGNNLPyMI.

Luccioni, Alexandra Sasha, Christopher Akiki, Margaret Mitchell, and Yacine Jernite. 2023. “Stable Bias: Analyzing Societal Representations in Diffusion Models.” November 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.11408.

Mattu, Surya, Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, and Lauren Kirchner. 2016. “Machine Bias.” ProPublica. 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.

Mehrabi, Ninareh, Fred Morstatter, Nripsuta Saxena, Kristina Lerman, and Aram Galstyan. 2021. “A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning.” ACM Computing Surveys 54 (6): 115:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3457607.

Milligan, Ian. 2019. History in the Age of Abundance? How the Web Is Transforming Historical Research. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvggx2kh.

Mueller, Milton L. 2025. “It’s Just Distributed Computing: Rethinking AI Governance.” Telecommunications Policy, February, 102917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102917.

Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: NYU Press.

O’Neil, Cathy. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown Publishing Group.

Oberbichler, Sarah, and Cindarella Petz. 2025. “Working Paper: Implementing Generative AI in the Historical Studies,” February. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14924737.

Offert, Fabian, and Ranjodh Singh Dhaliwal. 2024. “The Method of Critical AI Studies, a Propaedeutic.” December 10, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.18833.

Ouyang, Long et al. 2022. “Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback.” March 4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.02155.

Penedo, Guilherme et al. 2024. “The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scale.” October 31, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.17557.

Putnam, Lara. 2016. “The Transnational and the Text-Searchable: Digitized Sources and the Shadows They Cast.” The American Historical Review 121 (2): 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.2.377.

Russell, Stuart J., and Peter Norvig. 2020. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.

The Turing Way Community. 2022. “The Turing Way: A Handbook for Reproducible, Ethical and Collaborative Research.” Zenodo. 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3233853.

Zuboff, Shoshana. 2017. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/shoshana-zuboff/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism/9781610395694/.

Note

This page lists all references cited throughout the Critical AI Literacy for Historians project. The bibliography is automatically generated from all citations used in the exercises and documentation.